Personal Study: Catch 22
Question
An evaluation of how Joseph Heller explores the absurdity of war. Comment on Heller’s use of satire throughout Catch 22 and the key characters in the novel, explain how these help to convey the absurdity of war.
Novels on war normally suggest that war is either glorious or hellish. This is not the case with Joseph Heller’s “Catch 22”. Heller’s satirical portrayal of war in this novel is neither glorious nor hellish, instead he depicts a war where faceless bureaucracy pulls the strings but no-one understands why or what for. Catch 22 is the embodiment of the illogicality of the situation, something which you understand is absurd but which you cannot argue against or escape from. The key events and characters involved in them are essential in communicating these ideas.
Heller use of satire in chapter one is very effective in conveying the irrationality of war. Chapter one is ironic as it begins in a hospital, which we usually associate with sickness and health, whereas in this novel it is associated positively with escape and negatively with insanity. Yossarian and Dunbar describe the hospital as:
“one of the best he and Dunbar had ever enjoyed”
This emphasises the point that the hospital is a place to escape to and absurdly a place to enjoy. The satire continues throughout the first chapter in such statements as the Texan is so good-natured that “no one could stand him” and:
“Nately got off to a bad start in life by coming from a good family”.
These statements seem very bizarre but will begin to get clearer in the duration of the novel.
The protagonist of “Catch 22” is a paranoid Captain called Yossarian who constantly fears for his life. Yossarian appears initially as a simple character who just wants to survive war, however as the novel progresses we find that Yossarian is instead extremely complex, and repeatedly asks the question Why? Why can he not be grounded? Why does he have to fly more missions? Why does everybody want to kill him? At first it seems as if Yossarian cannot understand the reasons why he cannot do these things for example he cannot be grounded because:
“A concern for one’s own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind.”; “Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask: and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions.”
This is the famous “Catch 22” which Doc Danneka explains to Yossarian. It seems that Yossarian cannot comprehend this catch but when we look further in depth at it no one can understand it, it is just another catch that has been put in place by the faceless bureaucrats to keep soldiers flying missions. The whole novel is based around this catch which in itself makes war absurd as there is no possible way to beat the Catch.
Heller uses satire throughout “Catch 22” not only to make the lives of the men comical but to communicate the theme that war is ludicrous. There are many satirical moments in “Catch 22” such as the man in the hospital covered entirely in white or Yossarian naked in a tree at Snowdens funeral. One of the most significant satirical events in “Catch 22” is Captain Black’s “Glorious Loyalty Oath Crusade”. Captain Black makes every man that enters his intelligence tent, gets their pay, gets their equipment, their dinner etc. is forced to sign three or four loyalty oaths each time they do any of these things. By doing these things Captain Black thinks he can control the men, and up to a point he does. What is saterized here is the super-patriotism of those who think allegiance to one’s country can be forced and who define loyalty in terms of superficial acts. The men are forced into signing the oaths not only to get their equipment etc. but also because anyone who is loyal to their country would not protest to proving it by signing the oaths. The deeper satire here is that Captain Black is becoming one of the controlling bureaucrats which are controlling the war. The “Glorius Loyalty Oath Crusade” is effective in demonstrating the absurdity of war as the act itself is ridiculous. Making people sign the oath does not make any more loyal as they will sign it whether or not they mean it.
Another key character in portraying the absurdity of war in the novel is the entrepreneur and founder of “M&M Enterprises” Milo Minderbinder the squadrons mess officer. In chapter twenty two we are introduced – in detail – to M&M Enterprises, a business in which everyone (the syndicate) gets a share of the profit. Yossarian and Orr go to several different countries with Milo such as Malta and Oran where he buys bananas and cotton etc. Milo is given such titles as the “Mayor” and “Caliph” of these countries yet despite his great political power fails to be able to provide Yossarian and Orr with a hotel room. This itself is very strange as we would expect the mayor to be able to procure a room in his own province. Another bizarre aspect in this chapter is that Milo somehow still makes a profit even though he buys:
“his eggs in Malta for seven cents apiece and sold them… for five cents apiece”
This is peculiar as it would seem impossible to make a profit on something which you have bought for more than you have sold them for. One of the key events in portraying the absurdity of war is when Milo begins to make unscrupulous deals in which he is contracted by both the allies and enemy to fight each other, for example because Milo’s planes have “freedom of passage” he lets them “snake attack” the Germans without alerting the German antiaircraft gunners until the planes are in range. As a consequence of this Mudd is killed in the attack. Milo’s profitable agreements with both the enemy and his own squadron clearly convey the theme that war is absurd. This also links back to the war being controlled by faceless bureaucrats but no one understands why.